INTRODUCTION In 1517 Portugal and Spain invaded the islands of Cape Verde actual kidnapping millions of blacks who were sent as slaves to Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Santo Domingo ... besides thousands of torture, concentration camps and massive violations of African women, this fact is known by the official Eurocentric historiography "meztizaje": so began the beginning of seat inaugurates primitive accumulation resulting in the capitalist economy through the slave lucrosa tansatlantica with Cape Verde, Senegal and Almina Gore Macrocenter Ghana as supply balance and distribution of slave labor. This won the English and Portuguese crowns an economic boom and unprecedented political egemonia. In 1777 with San Ildefonso agreements the two powers share the world passes to Cape Verde and Equatorial Guinea Portugal to Spain, this being ratified by the Berlin conference in 1885 illegal.
CABRAL AND THAT CAME
The genesis of modern migration of Cape Verde in Spain began in the late seventies after the heorica independence at the hands of Portuguese fascism in 1973. When separated from Guinea-Bissau, the country enters a crisis due to structural adjustment policies of the IMF and WB, all linked to more than 10 years of war against imperialism that killed luso million people in Mozambique, Angola, Guinea Bissau and Macao and Cabral in Conakry. This economic crisis coupled with the low industrial development that the archipelago was the African country is forced to sign agreements with the English government damand Arias Navarro in labor in strategic sectors such as mining and fishing. Recruited from the source most come from the islands of Santo Antao and Sao Nicolau. Part of Cape Verdeans massively iran Galicia, specifically for the fishing industry Burrel. Others on the Bierzo region of Leon. Men hold the mining sector and women in domestic service. Since 1980 the main settlements are dated in Bembridge Cape Verdeans in the Bierzo valley Laciana, Guardo, Ponfererada and Villablino: being the fourth population in the province and helping to repopulate regions and radicalizing abandoned mining unionism with a pan-Africanist and internationalist vision. This facilitates them to leave by creating social networks such as guilds, churches, sports clubs, folk dance groups and associations. One of them will Amilcar Cabral Cultural Association founded in 1985. ECONOMIC CRISIS
In July 1983, the PSOE with unquestioned legitimacy, seeks to turn Spain into a European country where everything Eurocentric African, black, or sharahi is Eradicate Guinea. Approving a reduction of working hours and the dismantling of the coal sector ENERGITE despite major mining demonstrations as the March Negra. These processes of restructuring where mining Leon loses half its workers but instead the output remains largely replaced underground mining by open pit mining, where the black labor NWMA brought from Africa plays an essential role. Since then begins a decline in the sector. Early retirement and early retirement were the primary route of mining companies to cut costs, a prerequisite for receiving EU aid.
DEFEND CHILDREN TO THEIR PARENTS
The student strike of 1987 has its origin in a protest against the restriction of access in most schools, had a larger impact when the leadership of the protests was made by high school. The same day half a million students demonstrated in Paris against a proposed education reform. In Leon the protests were constant, and being led by the sons of miners laid off or on strike. This movement was led by organizations, hitherto virtually unknown, which can mobilize tens of thousands of students. And while the media propaganda tried to criminalize joining the Cojo Manteca, will be the seeds for the awakening of l @ s young Black children of striking miners. YOUTH SECTION
Since spring 1988, the youth section of the Association Amilcar Cabral was the jewel in the crown being the most dynamic aspect of Association: composed of young born or came here very young with his parents from Cape Verde, many with experience in mining and student demonstrations. This section also of cultural and sporting events such as poetry, singing, soccer, basketball, dance, music, excursions and trips, takes readings with a very uncle tom and interpretation of folklore the centerpiece of Cabral The Gun theory as well as other manifestation of neo-colonial education as mulatto (see Dominicans and Cubans). The arrival of a new generation of youth to the leadership in 1991 will be the end of the folk dances and the kind uncle tom beginning of the hegemony of the Hip-Hop. The rappers as they are known are very impressed with Public Enemy, S1W, Sista Souljah, Afrika Islam, Paris, RUNDMC, ICE-T, Scholly d, NWA. As Richard recalls:
"In a conservative town in the region of Bierzo at the time, dress like the S1W, professor Grift, you know with a pendant and Africa over being black, was and was a revolutionary act."
relationship with this type of Hip-Hop, motivate young people to organize lectures, conferences and courses on aspects previously unreleased in the association as Nelson Mandela and Apartheid Diferenctes South Africa as well as readings of the play Malcolm X's voice Txalaparta a black man, Fanon, Cabral, Spike Lee films or single copies of the magazine Tam-Tam Leon arriving from Barcelona, \u200b\u200balso will have access to readings of works by the then professor at the University of Leon Eugene Nkogo, On the Ruins of the Republic of Ghana as well as copies photocopied of afrotown magazine, organ of the Black Panthers. This at the same time raising youth awareness maturity afroleonesa will also with the holding of a conference organized anti-racism and integration by the municipality in which young people of the region paraticiapan coming from Bembridge, Leon, Villablino and Guardo. V CENTENARY
occasion of the struggles against the V Centenary of discovery where blacks were expelled from the event with the headline "meeting between 2 people." Institutional racism shows its teeth, squeezing out the young black of all youth forums, entertainment and sports. In a social climate racist attacks occur and increases the marginalization of Black youth who begin migrating to Seville, Madrid and Barcelona: economic focus because the works of the expo, European Capital culture and the Olympics, taking refuge in the legendary clubs Stones and Dreams. Ray explains:
"Racism had always existed and always was institutional, which change is that this racism for the first time was clear, direct and blatant, it was no longer good vibes" that gave us the necesiadad to get together. It was in the process of talking without mediators that we find ourselves. We saw another reality: we saw that we were oppressed, deeply alienated, and above all we were not victims, we had strength. that we should not uence to the Nazi aggression that our people are our belongings. I think for the first time in our lives we develop a sense of belonging. So when I was elected president of the youth section understood that we could not stay the same, with typical foods of nostalgia cabaoverdianas and crying in front of our mothers fireplace while listening to Cesaria Evora. That had to make revolutionary changes by ANY means necessary. And as I said this was the RESPONSIBLE Fanon of our generation "
result of this cognitive change, Amilcar Cabral Association that advocated a strategy tom looking guy smiling always kind to show aggressions of institutional racism against the strategy "direct action" of young people acting as a movement Black resistance in an era rife with impunity Skin Head Nazi terrorism. Increasingly youth section is less like a black scouth boys and is more a reference to black youth called the historic resistance against racism in the province of Leon. This critical sector of the youth organization and socialize drafted a manifesto entitled "No aggression unanswered: Organize and fight" , which is published in Madrid by Afrotown magazine, organ of the Black Panthers hander. The straw that broke the camel, what most irked over the partnership and were confronted with the youth section were statements and collecting signatures of the latter in favor of Dr. Alfons Arcelin aka superman and his campaign to boycott the Olympics in Barcelona 92, whose work where they worked many Cape Verdean workers.
REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE TELEVISED
: The objective that marks the new direction of the youth section is to halt the impunity of the racist brutality of goalkeepers in bars and clubs that do not allow entry to young blacks. the mobilizations for the murder of Lucrecia Perez in Madrid, produced a demonstration in capital to Leon attending members of the youth section. A week after a young black student receives a brutal beating in a nightclub, no one was arrested or convicted. The following weekend, a dozen black youths, members of the youth section in retaliation occupy the premises in protest against fascist violence and impunity. During the action there is an exchange of insults and beatings with local fascist groups in a climate of increased tension. The violent police action to evict the young blacks, who had earlier read a statement on the face of the sun chants and shouts of "niggers go away to your country." These facts are obvious media black youth being criminalized because of their alternative way of dealing with racism. From here, many afroleoneses young, comienan question the passive attitude of their elders to the exclusion in bars and nightclubs. This strained relationship lasted 6 months, finally after pressure from the public and political authorities PINION shown surprisingly, according to the mayor "our city is a sea of \u200b\u200bharmony, here there is no racism of any kind, we are welcoming " Sin But what the mayor does not know is that it is running a cognitive process new council social services know. Zacarias
Dasilva puts it:
"We had grown the constitution, the civil human rights, democracy, etc. .. Tejero coup and we believed we had the same rights than white youth but then when I turned 18 I realized that something was wrong was not enough to study and get good grades. So when my aunt came from Madrid, with a video of Killer B and other panthers on TV. What was clear about, I went to Madrid and arrived the day before the concert of Public Enemy in Leganes. It was a small town in a big city: flipe me to see many blacks in the train station, I saw these black wore a shirt with a picture of a Dr. Arcelin , were very orderly, spoke differently and it had all entries . I asked as I had CONSEG and said they were militants hander and the organization had provided. Hours before the concert Ray us Abuy introduced, we had heard so much about him pulling that FLIP was like talking to Mandela. With him were Sonia Mba, Siale and a white boy they called Che SHARP John. Siale spoke to went to Abuy. I was so nervous I tried not to look far to his sister Sonia was excellent, had a notebook and write down everything seemed saying. Suddenly the room came with brother Mike Porfessor Grift and 3 lockers S1W embracing us raised fist. Wau guy !!!!! I thought I was dying. He was very, very, very flipao like I had eaten 6 tripis. Harangued us saying that it was something more than just a concert that was a revolutionary act to sensitize the youth afroprimida uncle tom and we had a responsibility to tell the world that the revolution would not be televised. This intense experience of a weekend in Madrid for the first time filled us with pride and turned to Leon, people began to meet oftener to read Malcolm X "They
statements calling it undermines the political association. This increased tension with their parents who believed that blacks should be in place. What caused many incidents and pulse with the direction they gain the "greatest." Amilcar Cabral Association expelled the faction headed youth by Israel Rocha Ray, Zakarias, Richard and Chema who carry with them key members of soccer teams, football and basketball in the cadet and youth categories. CONSTITUTION
The year-end party was an important aspect of the socialization of young black lion. The dissidents asocación banned the use of their facilities, because they are expelled, to celebrate New Year's Eve 92. Since they could not go to the clubs of the targets, the organization of the festival will be the first public act as a constituent political Leon Black Panthers. The party was a service of a very serious, "held at the Sports Bembibre - will be a fundraising success, which plays music by Bobby Brown, New Edition, Fat Boys, Salt & Pepa and of course Fear of Balck Planet Public Enemy . Moreover, the leaders announced they have formed a new brotherhood of combat and resistecia called Black Panthers. This show of force without the support of the elderly will be a success to the group to attract more fame and adhesion, which will mean that from the headquarters of the Panthers in Alcalá de Henares is answered positively to the various letters in which the new group mani total adeshion the program, political line and strategy ahead of Foja. And in theory ideological state "recognition of the infaliblidad of Malcolm X, his doctrine and mission." In repeated letters also asked permission to act on behalf of folio-Black Panthers. PUBLIC ACT
In January 1994, three members expelled from Leon address the club moved to Torrejon de Ardoz Stones where they meet with the Minister of National Planning D. Carlos E. Barleycorn, jimmy 3xOrgena addition, Key Only, Job, Eddy, Fresh, Lumumba and Paul Ovono Baldw Candela. The following Sunday at the disco Lenon Alcala de Henares (gambling den run by the coot). Gala festive atmosphere, there is order to cache all, is a pie and fried chicken at the bottom of the bar, sounds Wellcome to the Terredom of Public Enemy. The DJ music and lights low light bulbs. It looks like the start of the NBA all, the dance floor just 4 young men in T-hander, leather jackets, black berets and fists. The room is crazy and everybody shouts: Ngewetu Amandla! (Power to the People in Zulu). To them as African Freedom Fields and Figthers Niggers. Magafonia announces the recent signing of the agreement, taking the floor on behalf of the national leadership Information Minister Jose Mendez and Agapito Esono Tigre, the document includes, among other things that Leon 2 members become part of the Central Committee with full executive powers. The agreement officially recognizes them as a section of the Panther movement Leon in Spain. UHURU
